By: Lucius T. Outlaw III*
* Professor of Law, Howard University School of Law. The Author thanks Howard Law School for the financial support provided for this Article. This Article is dedicated to Dr. Freida H. Outlaw, who recognizes and values the humanity of all people, and to the Author’s former public defender office clients, who were partners in the fight to rid the criminal legal system of racially discriminatory practices and outcomes. Thank you to the Penn State Law Review editors and staff for their partnership in publishing this Article.